What the black streaks are
The dark streaking on asphalt shingle roofs is a blue-green algae that feeds on the limestone filler in the shingles. It spreads by airborne spores, which is why it tends to show up on a whole street at once, and it thrives on the shaded, north-facing slopes that stay damp longest.
Left alone it holds moisture against the roof and gives moss and lichen somewhere to take hold. Moss lifts shingle edges and lichen roots into the granules, and both shorten the life of the roof.